A two-dimensional photonic crystal formed by arranging in a lattice pattern a medium having a refractive index different from that of a medium layer formed near an active layer. The two-dimensional photonic crystal includes a distributed-feedback control photonic crystal in which a light propagating through the active layer as a core is subjected to a two-dimensional distributed feedback within a plane of the active layer, and the light is not radiated in a direction normal to the plane of the active layer, and a surface-emission control photonic crystal in which the light is radiated in the direction normal to the plane of the active layer, which are superimposed with each other.