A surface-emitting type semiconductor laser includes: a lower mirror; an active layer formed above the lower mirror; and an upper mirror formed above the active layer, wherein the upper mirror includes a first region in which a plurality of holes are formed and a second region inside the first region in which no hole is formed, the second region is in a circular shape as viewed in a plan view, the circular shape has a radius with which an energy increasing rate in the active layer becomes positive with a lower-order mode and (becomes) negative with a higher-order mode, and the holes have a depth with which the energy increasing rate becomes positive with the lower-order mode, and becomes negative with the higher-order mode.

 
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> Cleaning blade, and cleaning apparatus, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus using the same

> Magnetic head having an insulating layer comprised of an organic layer on an inorganic layer

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