A memory device includes a semiconducting polymer film, which includes an
organic dopant. The semiconducting polymer film has a first side and a
second side. The memory device also includes a first plurality of
electrical conductors substantially parallel to each other coupled to the
first side of the semiconducting polymer layer, and a second plurality of
electrical conductors substantially parallel to each other, coupled to
the second side of the semiconducting polymer layer. The first and second
pluralities of electrical conductors are substantially mutually
orthogonal to each other. Further, an electrical charge is localized on
the organic dopant.