The present invention relates generally to fingerprinting (e.g., deriving identifying data from audio or other media content). One claim recites a method including: obtaining identifying data derived with fingerprinting from data representing audio elements of an audio signal or derived with fingerprinting from data representing video picture elements of a video signal, the audio signal or video signal corresponding to a media signal captured by a wireless handheld device; determining a media title that corresponds to the identifying data; determining usage rights associated with at least one of the media title or a user of the wireless handheld device; identifying the user of the wireless handheld device or a library of the media titles that is associated with the user of the wireless handheld device; and adding the media title to the library of media titles that is associated with the user if so permitted by the usage rights. Of course, other claims and combinations are provided as well.