Systems and methods for exchanging and processing encoded quantum signals
in quantum key distribution (QKD) systems in real time. A stream of
quantum signals is sent from Alice to Bob. Alice only encodes sets or
"frames" of the streamed quantum signals based on receiving a "ready"
message from Bob. This allows for Bob to finish processing the previous
frame of data by allowing different bit buffers to fill and then be used
for data processing. This approach results in gaps in between frames
wherein quantum signals in the stream are sent unencoded and ignored by
Bob. However, those quantum signals that are encoded for the given frame
are efficiently processed, which on the whole is better than missing
encoded quantum signals because Bob is not ready to receive and process
them.