The invention provides an image holding member including at least a surface that has, after a predetermined discharge stress that is conditioned so that a sine-wave alternating-current bias of a peak-to-peak bias having 1.5 KV and a frequency 8 time S (Hz) is applied to the surface of the image holding member that is in a driving state where the movement speed of the surface is S (mm/s) is applied, a contact angle of water of at least about 70 degrees at a temperature of 22.degree. C. and a relative humidity (RH) of 55%. The invention further provides an image forming apparatus including the image holding member, a charging device, a latent image forming device, a developing device, and a transfer device.