A novel artificial muscle material and miniature valves and micropumps
made therefrom are provided. The artificial muscle material bends
reversibly when electroactuated by applying low voltage, in a wide pH
range, even at that of physiological pH, and works without contact with
electrodes. Miniature valves made from the artificial material are
successfully triggered for the fluid release in a wide pH range, even at
that of physiological pH. Novel fluid release devices were manufactured
using this artificial muscle, and methods using the same were provided,
including an implantable device optimized for trans-scleral drug
delivery.