Interoperable aerial refueling apparatus and methods. In one embodiment, a receptacle configured to fluidly receive a terminal portion of a refueling boom is coupled to a refueling drogue. A retainer is coupled to an aircraft that removably retains the receptacle when the aircraft is refueling another aircraft configured to directly engage the boom. The receptacle releases the receptacle when the terminal portion of the boom engages the receptacle so that an aircraft that receives the refueling drogue may be refueled. In another embodiment, a method includes providing fuel to a first receiving aircraft that receives fuel by directly coupling to an end of a refueling boom. The method further includes, while the tanker aircraft is in flight, configuring the boom to supply fuel to a second receiving aircraft having a refueling probe operable to receive fuel from a drogue.