Methods and apparatus for local oscillator generation are provided. In a method embodiment, a method of signal processing includes splitting a signal having a first frequency into at least a first portion and a second portion. The method also includes generating a second signal having a second frequency at a predetermined frequency difference from the first frequency by optically modulating the first portion. In addition, the method includes generating a third signal having a frequency component at a frequency that is approximately the same as the predetermined frequency difference from the first frequency by combining the second portion with the second signal.

 
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> Optically variable element having a variable distance-layer thickness

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