The invention provides a nanolithographic protosubstrate adapted for
nanolithographic formation of nanostructures on the protosubstrate
comprising: a substrate having a top surface exposed for nanolithographic
formation of nanostructures, wherein the top surface comprises:
electrically insulating surface regions; and at least one discreet
electrode topology surrounded by the electrically insulating surface
regions, wherein the electrode topology is adapted with electrical
interconnections for electrically coupling the electrode topology to an
external device.