An imaging apparatus and methods for using the same based upon the interposing of a sample in an X-ray interferometer, such as a Bonse-Hart interferometer. An incident X-ray is split, reflected and combined to form first and second interference beams. When a sample is placed in an optical path of one of the beams, the X-ray intensity, phase and transmission direction of the X-ray beam are altered. A change in the amplitude and phase of the interference beams caused by the sample are obtained using a fringe scanning method, and a detector is used to detect the resulting image.