An apparatus includes a substrate, charged particles, a transparent
electrode disposed in parallel with a surface of the substrate, an
electrode disposed at a periphery of the transparent electrode, means for
applying a voltage between the transparent electrode and the electrode
disposed at the periphery thereof to move the charged particles
laterally, a reflection surface for reflecting light incident onto in the
substrate, and a light scattering or absorption layer disposed between
the transparent electrode and the reflection surface. The apparatus is
effective in providing a desired scattering ability without increasing a
drive voltage.