Methods and compositions for protecting muscarinic receptor(s) in a
subject from at least one carcinogenic or toxic metal by administration
of a pyrophosphate analog. Methods and compositions for preventing at
least one disease induced or caused by metals compromising the function
of muscarinic receptors in a subject by administration of a pyrophosphate
analog. Methods and compositions for reducing toxic action of metal ions
and for reducing poisoning by metals by administering a pyrophosphate
analog.