A position-measuring device for generating a reference-pulse signal at at least one reference position includes a scanning unit and also a reflection-measuring graduation displaceable relative thereto in at least one measuring direction. The scanning unit for generating the reference-pulse signal includes a plurality of optical elements, including at least one imaging optics as well as at least two diaphragm structures, which are disposed in a diaphragm plane and have a plurality of diaphragm openings in each case. Furthermore, a light source as well as at least two detector elements are assigned to the scanning unit. The reflection-measuring graduation has a reference marking at the at least one reference position. It includes at least one set of first structure elements, which is arranged in the plane of the reflection-measuring graduation, perpendicular to the measuring direction, periodically at a first transversal periodicity. Furthermore, the reference marking has at least one set of second structure elements, which is arranged in the plane of the reflection-measuring graduation, perpendicular to the measuring direction, periodically at a second, different transversal periodicity. The structure elements are arranged as diffractive structure elements, which, in the measuring direction, optically act like a cylinder lens having a specific focal length and, perpendicular to the measuring direction, act like a deflecting grating having the graduation period.