A carbon black aqueous dispersion which exhibits excellent dispersibility in an aqueous medium, a small amount of feathering, excellent rubbing resistance (quick-drying properties), excellent discharge stability, and the like, and is suitable as an ink for inkjet printers and the like, and a method of producing the same are disclosed. The carbon black aqueous dispersion includes an aqueous medium and carbon black dispersed in the aqueous medium, acidic hydrogen-containing groups on the surface of the carbon black being neutralized with divalent or higher valent cations and monovalent cations so that 50 to 95% of hydrogen atoms of the acidic hydrogen-containing groups are replaced by the divalent cations and the remaining hydrogen atoms are replaced by the monovalent cations, and the method includes subjecting carbon black to liquid-phase oxidation in an oxidizing agent aqueous solution, removing reduced salts from the resulting slurry, adding divalent or higher valent cations and monovalent cations to the slurry to replace 50 to 95% of hydrogen atoms of acidic groups by the divalent cations and replace the remaining hydrogen atoms by the monovalent cations, and purifying the resulting product.