The present invention is directed to compositions comprising a nanoparticulate prostaglandin derivative, preferably limaprost or a salt or derivative thereof, having improved bioavailability. The nanoparticulate prostaglandin derivative particles of the composition have an effective average particles size of less than about 2000 nm and are useful in the treatment of ischemic symptoms. The invention also relates to a controlled release composition comprising a prostaglandin derivative, such as limaprost alfadex, or a nanoparticulate prostaglandin derivative, such as limaprost or a salt or derivative thereof, that in operation delivers the drug in a pulsed or bimodal manner for the treatment of ischemic symptoms.