Medical, surgical, and/or robotic devices and systems often including offset remote center parallelogram manipulator linkage assemblies which constrains a position of a surgical instrument during minimally invasive robotic surgery are disclosed. The improved remote center manipulator linkage assembly advantageously enhances the range of instrument motion while at the same time reduces the overall complexity, size, and physical weight of the robotic surgical system.

 
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< Waist circumference calculation apparatus and body composition determination apparatus

> Intra-operative 3-D reconstruction of bone cement boli using X-rays

> Fast parametric non-rigid image registration based on feature correspondences

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