The present invention provides a method of producing a carbon black aqueous dispersion which has excellent water-dispersibility and ink performance, and is suitable as an aqueous black ink for an inkjet printer or the like. A first method of producing a carbon black aqueous dispersion includes treating carbon black with a chemical surface modifier in an aqueous medium, neutralizing acidic groups produced on the surface of the carbon black due to the chemical modification, atomizing the carbon black, and purifying the resulting mixture. A second method of producing a carbon black aqueous dispersion includes treating carbon black with a chemical surface modifier in an aqueous medium, neutralizing acidic groups produced on the surface of the carbon black due to the chemical modification, purifying the resulting mixture, and atomizing the carbon black.