Aircraft galley carts and other insulated food storage units are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a food storage unit configured in accordance with the invention includes an interior portion configured to hold food, a first panel positioned at least proximate to a wall of the interior portion, and at least a second panel positioned at least proximate to the first panel. In this embodiment, the first panel can include a phase change material and at least a portion of the second panel can be evacuated. In one aspect of this embodiment, the food storage unit can further include a temperature sensor operably coupled to the interior portion. The temperature sensor can be configured to provide an indication when the temperature in the interior portion reaches a preselected temperature.