An image forming device 30 is constituted capable of executing a refresh mode, including: a toner discharge process that transports toner on a developing sleeve 4a inside a developing unit 4 to a photoreceptor drum 1 side when starting up the image forming device from the power supply off state, the sleep (energy saving) mode, and the like, to the copy start state; a transfer roller refresh process that transports the toner transported to the photoreceptor drum 1 side by the toner discharge process to a transfer roller 5 side; and a return process that once again transports the toner transported to the transfer roller 5 side by the transfer roller refresh process to the photoreceptor drum 1 side.

 
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< Developing roller for electrographic apparatus including a base rubber, a conductive polymer, a conductive carbon black and a binder resin and electrographic apparatus containing the developing roller

> Microstimulator employing improved recharging reporting and telemetry techniques

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