Disclosed herein are exemplary embodiments of materials and structures
that have a negative refractive index. For example, one exemplary
embodiment is a waveguide structure comprising a first waveguide border
element having a first substantially planar surface, and a second
waveguide border element spaced apart from the first waveguide border
element and having a second substantially planar surface. This exemplary
embodiment further comprises a core material positioned between the first
substantially planar surface and the second substantially planar surface.
The core material has a positive in-plane dielectric constant and a
negative perpendicular-to-plane dielectric constant. Furthermore, the
first waveguide border element, the second waveguide border element, and
the core material form a waveguide exhibiting a negative index of
refraction for electromagnetic radiation in a frequency range.