Embodiments of this invention relate to compounds having a combination of cannabinoid-CB.sub.1 antagonism and cholinesterase inhibition, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, to methods for preparing these compounds, methods for preparing novel intermediates useful for the synthesis of these compounds, and methods for preparing compositions comprising these compounds. The invention also relates to methods of treating Alzheimer's disease, cognitive disorders, memory disorders, dementia, attention deficit disorder, traumatic brain injury, drug dependence, addiction or substance abuse by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising these compounds to a patient in need thereof. A compound with a combination of cannabinoid-CB.sub.1 antagonism and cholinesterase inhibition is a compound of formula (1) wherein the symbols have the meanings given in the specification.