Separation of long molecules by length is obtained by forcing such
molecules to traverse a boundary between a low free-energy region and a
high free-energy region. In one embodiment, the high free-energy region
is a dense pillar region or other structure formed on a semiconductor
substrate. One or more membranes are used in further embodiments. The low
free-energy region is a larger chamber formed adjacent the high
free-energy region. A recoil phase allows longer molecules not fully
driven into the high free-energy region to recoil into the low
free-energy region. In a further variation, the high free-energy region
is a membrane having nanoscale holes.