A flattening layer is provided between an anode and a solid electrolyte. The flattening layer has a porosity which is set to be smaller than that of the anode. Large diameter pores, which are open at an end surface of the anode on a side facing the solid electrolyte, are filled with the flattening layer, and projections, which bulge out of the end surface, are buried therewith to flatten the projections. Therefore, when the solid electrolyte is formed on the flattening layer, the solid electrolyte is prevented from any depressions and bulges on which stress is concentrated.

 
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> Use of a supplemental promoter in conjunction with a carbon-supported, noble-metal-containing catalyst in liquid phase oxidation reactions

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