An optical element has a fluid container which contains an insulative fluid and a conductive fluid that are different in refractive index from each other, mutually immiscible, and optically transparent, the fluid container being transparent to light at least in a predetermined direction; a first electrode placed in contact with the conductive fluid in the fluid container; multiple transparent second electrodes placed on a transparent surface of the fluid container and insulated from the conductive fluid in the fluid container, with a voltage being applied between the first electrode and each of the multiple transparent second electrodes; and multiple transparent transistors placed on the transparent surface of the fluid container together with the multiple second electrodes to adjust the voltages applied to the multiple second electrodes.

 
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> Apparatus for directing an optical signal from an input fiber to an output fiber within a high index host

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