The invention relates to a method of producing medical prostheses or implants having a surface microroughness and/or an induced oxide layer, comprising a treatment involving the ionic implantation of controlled amounts of elements such as CO, C, H, N or O in endosseous implants or prostheses produced from metals, metal alloys or biocompatible composite materials. The surface treatment causes changes in the surface characteristics of the endosseous implants or prostheses in terms of nanoroughness, hydrophilic properties and chemical composition, significantly increasing the degree of osseous integration thereof.