An apparatus is provided for fixing toner to a substrate including a heated fusing roller having a fusing surface. A heater element is located inside the fusing roller. A nip forming member cooperates with the fusing roller to define a fusing nip. A passive temperature control structure including a pair of members is located adjacent opposing end sections of the fusing roller, the passive temperature control structure operating to retain heat in the end sections. The passive temperature control structure may include heat reflecting members located adjacent to peripheral end portions of the hot roller to reflect heat back to the peripheral surface. In addition, the passive temperature control structure may include an end reflector facing axially toward an interior area or the hot roller for reflecting heat back to the interior of the hot roller. The temperature control structure may also comprise a heat dissipating structure including a heat absorbing roller engaged with the fusing roller or ventilation windows formed in a cover over the fusing roller.

 
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> Measurement of frictional resistance of photoconductor against belt in image forming apparatus, process cartridge, and image forming method

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