The invention provides a nodavirus RNA1 molecule modified to include a
heterologous insertion which is downstream of its replicase ORF and,
preferably, its B2 ORF. The insertion preferably comprises one or more
protein-coding regions. The modified RNA1 may be packaged in a VLP, such
as a papillomavirus VLP. The small size of nodavirus RNA1 makes it ideal
for HPV packaging.