An image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor having a surface with a frictional resistance ranging from 45 gram-force to 200 gram-force, a 10-point average roughness RzJIS ranging from 0.1 mm to 1.5 mm or a maximum height Rz of 2.5 mm. Image formation is performed by the image forming apparatus to allow irregular-shaped toner or spherical toner to be cleaned off efficiently and any background stain on a copied sheet to be prevented. A lubricant is applied to the photoconductor so as to form a nonuniform film thereon, which prevents the frictional resistance from abnormally lowering, thus suppressing image degradation.

 
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> Methods and systems for managing patient authorizations relating to digital medical data

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