A method performed on a wafer having multiple chips, each including a doped semiconductor and substrate, involves etching an annulus trench partially into the substrate, metalizing the annulus trench with a metal, etching a via trench within the periphery of the annulus trench, making a length of the via trench electrically conductive, and thinning the substrate to expose the metal and the electrically conductive material.

 
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> Multi-layered macromolecules and methods for their use

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