A multi-stable memory or data storage element is used in crosspoint data-storage arrays, as a switch, a memory device, or as a logical device. The general structure of the multi-stable element comprises a layered, composite medium that both transports and stores charge disposed between two electrodes. Dispersed within the composite medium are discrete charge storage particles that trap and store charge. The multi-stable element achieves an exemplary bi-stable characteristic, providing a switchable device that has two or more stable states reliably created by the application of a voltage to the device. The voltages applied to achieve the "on" state, the "off" state, any intermediate state, and to read the state of the multi-stable element are all of the same polarity.