An electrode includes a collector that is substantially flat and electrically conductive, an inner intermediate layer that is substantially corrosion resistant and conductive and that is on at least part of a surface of the collector, and an outer intermediate layer that is substantially corrosion resistant and conductive and that is on at least part of the inner intermediate layer. The electrode also includes an electrode layer containing carbon, which is on at least part of a surface of the outer intermediate layer that faces away from the inner intermediate layer.